Suchergebnisse

The article deals with the problem of determining the severity of bodily harm when committing criminal offenses against a person's health. In his article, the author raises a number of fundamental questions: what is the main object of crimes against human health and, accordingly, which human rights are protected by the provisions of Articles 121-125 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine; whether the sanctions of these articles, as well as the criteria for the severity of bodily harm contained in the current legislation of Ukraine, as well as the practice of its interpretation and application, correspond at the moment to these objectives. The author, based on the analysis of the current legislation of Ukraine and the doctrine, substantiates the conclusions that the criminal law norms of Articles 121125 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine are aimed at protecting human health, which, according to the Constitution of Ukraine, together with his life is the highest social value. The author shares the point of view that it is human health, and not something else, that is the generic and direct object of the offenses provided for in Articles 121125 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. However, according to the author, now in the Criminal Code of Ukraine, health is considered as an object of legal protection, largely through the prism of the criterion of ability to work. Thus, the main criterion for determining the severity of bodily harm in the Criminal Code of Ukraine is the percentage of disability. Further, the author criticizes the use of "disability" as the main criterion for determining the severity of bodily harm. The author considers this criterion outdated and inconsistent with the modern paradigm of recognition and respect for fundamental human rights - in particular, the right to life and health, which cannot be placed on the same logical level with the right to work and the concept of "work ability". The author is convinced that such a social and economic criterion as ability to work is more consistent with the goals and objectives of civil and labor law than criminal law. The author considers that the proposal of scientists to replace the concept of "bodily harm " with a broader concept of "harm to health" is not unreasonable. The author considers it necessary to establish a legal presumption that bodily harm is accompanied by mental injury, hedonic damages (or loss of enjoyment of life). The author also draws attention to the discrepancy between the sanctions of Articles 121125 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine with the goal of protecting human life and health as the highest social value. ; Статтю присвячено проблемі визначення ступеню тяжкості шкоди, завданої здоров'ю, для кримінальних правопорушень проти здоров'я особи. Автор, на основі аналізу чинного законодавства України та доктрини, обґрунтовує висновки, що кримінально-правові норми статей 121-125 КК України спрямовані на охорону здоров'я людини, яке разом з її життям, за Конституцією України, є найвищою соціальною цінністю. Однак, на думку автора, наразі в Кримінальному кодексі України здоров'я розглядається як об'єкт правової охорони значною мірою крізь призму критерію «втрати працездатності». Автор також звертає увагу на невідповідність санкцій статей 121-125 КК України меті: охороні життя і здоров'я людини як найвищої соціальної цінності.

The article deals with the problems of aviation safety. The main idea of the article is to focus attention on the latest trends in the development of international and Ukrainian law in the aviation safety sphere. Based on a systematic analysis of legal provisions regarding the complex category of "(civil) aviation safety" and its components, the author formulates and substantiates conclusions that can contribute to the formation of a modern concept of aviation safety, and proposals aimed at improving the legislation of Ukraine. In the article on the basis of comparative analysis of new international and national law, the author formulates and justifies proposals for the improvement of the concepts and categories in the aviation safety sphere, such as: aviation, civil aviation, air transport, aviation safety, aviation security, safeguarding civil aviation against acts of unlawful interference, flight safety, safety of air navigation, ecological safety of the aviation and environmental protection. In particular, the author considers it appropriate to clearly distinguish between the terms "aviation", "civil aviation" and "air transport" in Ukrainian legislation through their legislative definition. In thesame way, the author considers it necessary to distinguish between the concepts of "aviation safety " and "civil aviation safety". The author also believes that it is extremely impractical to use in the law two terms that are so similar at first glance, but different in meaning, like "aviation safety " and "aviation security." The author conducts a comparative analysis of the norms and terminology of the new Ukrainian law "On the State program of the aviation security of civil aviation" with the norms and terminology of international law. The author substantiates the expediency of replacing the term "aviation security" in Ukrainian legislation with a more precise term "safeguarding civil aviation against acts of unlawful interference". In addition, the author notes that the current legislative definition of aviation security ignores the factor of undisciplined passengers. Since the protection of civil aviation from illegal acts of states is not covered by the category of aviation security, the author proposes to include the protection of civil aviation in the zone of military conflicts in the category «safety of air navigation». Since Ukraine does not have a legislative definition of the ecological safety of civil aviation, the author proposes his own. The author is convinced that the category of environmental safety, in addition to well-known factors of aircraft noise pollution and engine emissions, should take into account factors of radiation and biological hazard (epidemic, epizootic, epiphytotic etc.). The author substantiates the conclusion that the current interpretation of the complex integrated category of "aviation safety" in the legislation of Ukraine, although it generally complies with international standards (primarily ICAO SARPs), but no longer fully complies with modern threats and risks in the aviation industry, since it does not take into account critical hazards such as: political and military risks, undisciplined passengers, radiation and biological threats. The author considers it expedient to bring into line with the meaning of Article 1 of the Beijing Convention of 2010 the definition of the aviation safety and security that contains the legislation of Ukraine. Indeed, in the Art. 1 of the 2010 Beijing Convention, new crimes appeared that consist in the unlawful misuse of civil aircraft and are directed not so much against the safety of civil aviation as against the safety of third parties and the environment. ; У статті, на основі системного аналізу правових положень щодо комплексної категорії «безпека (цивільної) авіації» та її складових, автор формулює та обґрунтовує висновки, що можуть сприяти формуванню сучасної концепції безпеки авіації, та пропозиції, спрямовані на удосконалення законодавства України, в першу чергу понятійно-категоріального апарату. Автор обґрунтовує висновок, що нинішнє тлумачення складної комплексної категорії «безпека авіації» в законодавстві України хоч і відповідає в цілому міжнародним стандартам (в першу чергу ICАО SARPs), але вже не повною мірою відповідає сучасним загрозам та ризикам в авіаційній галузі, оскільки не враховує такі критично важливі небезпечні чинники як: політичні та військові ризики, недисципліновані пасажири, радіаційна та біологічна загроза.

The article is devoted to the latest innovations of the Ukrainian legislation in 2015, 2017 (primarily Articles 14-2, 279-3 of the Code of Administrative Offences of Ukraine) to introduce a special procedure for the prosecution of automatically recorded administrative offenses in the safety of road traffic sphere, in the context of respect for human rights. The author carries out a comparative analysis of these innovations with the same innovations in 2008 in the context of the decision of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine on the recognition unconstitutional of art. 14-1, h. 6 Art. 258. The author proves the need to bring these articles (14-2, art. 279-3), which violates the author's opinion, some of the fundamental human rights and freedoms, in line with the Constitution and other laws of Ukraine. In Art. 279-3 of the Code of Administrative Offenses, according to the author, it is necessary to provide that the person for whom the vehicle is registered or who imported the vehicle into Ukraine is not liable if it is established that at the time of the offense such vehicle was driven by another person. After all, bringing a person to administrative responsibility is possible only in the presence of the fact of an administrative offense and the guilt of the person in its commission, which is confirmed by appropriate evidence. Due to the principle of presumption of innocence to be applied in cases of administrative offenses, all doubtsabout the event of violation and guilt of the person prosecuted are interpreted in his favor, unproven event and guilt of a person must be equated to proven innocence. The author believes that fixing traffic violations in automatic mode, as well as fixing in photography mode (video recording) violations of the rules of stopping, parking, parking vehicles, in our opinion, can be useful in terms of reducing the latency of traffic violations. But the author regrets that previous attempts to inculcate the best practices of the European Union in the field of combating traffic violations to the Soviet Administrative Code in 1984, while ensuring the rule of law, respect for human rights and freedoms, have already failed. According to its legal tools, the Soviet Administrative Code of 1984 is clearly not designed for such innovations. The author fully shares the point of view of scientists who justify the need to replace the current Code of Administrative Offenses with a qualitatively new code developed based on the Constitution of Ukraine and international conventions on human rights. Also, the new Code should, in the opinion of the author, define guarantees of observance of the rights of vehicle owners, first presumptions of innocence, at their prosecution. ; Статтю присвячено аналізу новел українського законодавства 2015-17 років щодо запровадження спеціального порядку притягнення до адміністративної відповідальності за правопорушення у сфері забезпечення безпеки дорожнього руху, зафіксовані в автоматичному режимі, та за порушення правил зупинки, стоянки, паркування транспортних засобів, зафіксовані в режимі фотозйомки (відеозапису), на предмет дотримання основних прав людини. Проводиться порівняльний аналіз зазначених новацій з аналогічними нововведеннями 2008 р. в контексті рішення Конституційного Суду України щодо визнання їх неконституційними.

The article is devoted to a complex and insufficiently investigated problem of the criminalization of driving under the influence. The author gives a comparative analysis of the current legislation of Ukraine and the innovations of the Ukrainian legislation of 2018 to criminalization of driving under the influence, which will take effect on January 1, 2020.The conclusion is substantiated that, in general, strengthening responsibility for driving under the influence in 2016 was a step in the right direction. At the same time, the author draws attention to the significant legislator's mistakes in the current legislation of Ukraine in this sphere: sanctions of the related articles 122-2, 122-4, 129, 130 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of Ukraine are in disproportion both in relation to each other and in relation to sanctions of the Criminal Code of Ukraine.Then the author analyzes the provisions of the new law of November 22, 2018, which will take effect on January 1, 2020. Based on the comparative analysis of the sanctions of new Article 286-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine with the sanctions of the related articles 122-2, 122-4, 129, 130 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of Ukraine, the author makes a conclusion about their disproportion. Thus, the author justifies the need for a systematic approach to reforming the legislation and bringing these sanctions in line with the new, more severe penalties provided for by article 286-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. ; Статтю присвячено новелам українського законодавства 2018 року щодо криміналізації такого правопорушення як керування транспортними засобами в стані сп'яніння. Автор, на основі порівняльного аналізу санкцій нової ст. 286-1 Кримінального Кодексу України з санкціями тісно пов'язаних з нею статей 122-2, 122-4, 129, 130 Кодексу про адміністративні правопорушення, обґрунтовує необхідність системного підходу до реформування деліктного законодавства.